Democratization of Uruguay

Giancarlo Orichio Dr. A. Arraras CPO 3055 20 November 2008 Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Uruguay An investigation of democratization presumes that the significance of democratization is plainly obvious: characterized just as a progress of a political framework from non-vote based system towards responsible and agent government rehearses. (Grugel 3) An idea that is substantial in Uruguayan governmental issues in any case, has a component of potential hazard that will be the subject of further investigation. Evaluation of the last will empower us to decide why Uruguay is the just one of the four previous â€Å"bureaucratic-authoritarian† systems in South America that incorporates Chile, Brazil, and Argentina to achieve this questionably political the norm. Guillermo O’Donnell portrayed this kind of system as a foundation that utilizes coercive measures to react to what they see as dangers to private enterprise, though, the main methods for contradicting this severe government is by a â€Å"unconditional pledge to vote based system. (O’Donnell xiii) The progressively lead bureaucratic-dictator system as a political entertainer represents a potential bit of leeway to democratization insofar that the military-as-establishment may consider that their advantages are best served by removal from the military-as-government. Be that as it may, holding onto capacity to another administering body without forcing solid requirements is impossible and has happened typically in Ur uguayan popularity based progress. Understanding the obstruction looked by the recently delicate majority rule government in dealing with the military and disposing of its held areas carries us to the job needing to be done. To begin with, I will break down the political history in Uruguay that lead up to the no uncertainty dubious contention that it has accomplished law based solidification. Furthermore, I will dissect the elements that either contributed or upset its excursion to delegate majority rules system; eventually, showing up to the end that Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan depict as a â€Å"risk-prone† merged popular government. On 25 August 1825, Juan Antonio Lavalleja, at the leader of a gathering of loyalists called the â€Å"treinta y tres orientales,† gave a statement of freedom. Following a three-year battle, a harmony bargain marked on 28 August 1828 ensured Uruguay's autonomy. During this time of political disturbance and common war, the two ideological groups around which Uruguayan history has customarily spun, the Colorados and the Blancos, were established. â€Å"Even by West Europen guidelines, [Uruguay] hosted a custom of high get-together distinguishing proof and an away from of a left-right list. † (Linz 152) Uruguay's first president, Gen. Jose Fructuoso Rivera, a partner of Artigas, established the Colorados. The subsequent president, Brig. Gen. Manuel Oribe, a companion of Lavalleja, established the Blancos. The nineteenth century was to a great extent a battle between the two groups. In any case, it was not until the appointment of Jose Batlle y Ordonez as president in 1903 that Uruguay developed as a country. The Batlle organizations (1903â€7, 1911â€15) denoted the time of most noteworthy financial execution. A recognized legislator, Batlle started the social government assistance framework classified in the Uruguayan constitution. From that point on, Uruguay's social projects, subsidized essentially by profit of meat and fleece in outside business sectors, gave Uruguay the worshipped soubriquet â€Å"Switzerland of South America. † After World War II, the Colorados governed, with the exception of an eight-year time span from 1958â€66. It was during the organization of President Jorge Pacheco Areco (1967â€72) that Uruguay entered a political and social emergency. As fleece declined in world markets, send out profit not, at this point stayed up with the requirement for more noteworthy social consumptions. Political unsteadiness came about, most significantly in the rise of Uruguay's National Liberation Movement, famously known as the Tupamaros. This efficient urban guerrilla development embraced Marxist and patriot standards while then again, most broadly significant on-screen characters were unfaithful or, best case scenario semi-faithful to the effectively settled vote based system. Their progressive exercises, combined with the declining financial circumstance, exacerbated Uruguay's political vulnerability. Bit by bit, the military-as organization expected a more noteworthy job in government and by 1973 was in finished control of the political framework. Before the finish of 1973, the Tupamaros had been effectively controlled and smothered by the military-as-organization. As far as orderly restraint, as Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan expressed, â€Å"Uruguay was the most profoundly harsh of the four South American bureaucratic-tyrant systems. (Linz 152) Amnesty worldwide reviled Uruguay for human rights infringement; in 1979, they assessed the quantity of political detainees imprisoned at a proportion of 1 for each 600, Chile and Argentina were individually 1 out of 2,000 and 1 of every 1,200. (Linz 152) By 1977 the military declared that they would devise another constitution with the goals to â€Å"strengthen popular government. † The new constitution would be submitted to a plebiscite in 1980, and whenever endorsed races with a solitary presidential up-and-comer designated by both the Colorados and the Blancos and affirmed by the military would be held the next year. The post-tyrant progress to majority rule government started in Uruguay when the popularity based restriction won the plebiscite. By the 1980’s the military didn't have a hostile intend to lift Uruguay from its continuous awful financial execution, the Tupamaros had in actuality been vanquished by 1973, so a safeguard venture against urban guerrilla was pointless. The military had no thoughtful or political help, and with there misfortune in the plebiscite, whose outcomes they said they would regard, discolored the military’s political influence altogether. Along these lines, the popularity based restriction as the two significant catch every single ideological group that have administered by law since the 19 century introduced a non compromising option regardless of their traitorous conduct before the tyrant overthrow d’etat . As recently addressed, the open doors introduced by a progressive military preferring law based change is the likelihood that the main officials of the military-as-foundation will arrive at the resolution that the expense of non law based standard is more prominent than the expense of removal. With the fundamental enthusiasm resting in a steady express that will thus permit the military to turn into a working part of the state mechanical assembly. Nonetheless, this doesn't block the chance of non vote based privileges in the exchange. The gathering military exchange called the Naval Club Pact precluded Wilson Ferreira of the Blanco gathering to be assigned as president, pushed for ensures concerning their own self-sufficiency, and the most harming to vote based system was the diminishing of human right path for military authorities. Decisions were held in 1985 were Julio Maria Sanguinetti from the Colorado party turned into the primary equitably chose competitor in the 1977 constitution. As a result of solid open discontent with Military Amnesty allowed during the progress, the abbreviation was sent to a choice in 1989, were it endorsed the absolution and increased law based authenticity by 57%. It must be expressed that most of Uruguayan contradicted the reprieve, anyway the delicate majority rule government defied an alarming choice. They could have penetrated the Naval Club Pact and attempted military official for beneficiary human right offenses and gambled military refusal and along these lines an emergency in their own position. Or on the other hand they could have hurriedly conceded them acquittal at the expense of brought down esteem in the new majority rules system. It is sheltered to accept that the electorate casted a ballot to let the acquittal law stand not on the grounds that it was simply however more so to keep away from an emergency. By 1992 the left-wing Frente Amplio was incorporated into Uruguayan governmental issues with no other significant gathering pioneers esteeming them inadmissible showing up to the contentious contention that Uruguay turned into a solidified vote based system. Uruguay's financial improvement can be separated into two unmistakably differentiating periods. During the primary time frame, when it earned its esteemed sobriquet â€Å"Switzerland of South America,† from the late 1800s until the 1950s, Uruguay accomplished surprising development and an elevated requirement of living. Extending animals sends out; primarily meat and fleece represented its monetary turn of events. The propelled social government assistance programs, which redistributed riches from the domesticated animals segment to the remainder of the economy, increased the expectation of living for most of the populace and added to the advancement of new enterprises. At the point when send out income vacillated during the 1950s, be that as it may, the texture of Uruguay's economy had started to unwind. The nation entered a decades-extensive stretch of monetary stagnation. It was during the organization of President Jorge Pacheco Areco (1967â€72) that Uruguay entered a political and social emergency. As fleece and meat requests declined in world markets, send out profit not, at this point stayed up with the requirement for more noteworthy social uses causing terrible monetary execution that lead to the bureaucratic-tyrant take over of government. Despite the fact that the old just system couldn't lift monetary flourishing nor was the military-as-government. Awful monetary execution despite everything tormented the country all through tyrant rule. By 1980 the military had no plan in battling the awful financial execution that disclosed the deficiencies of the non majority rule system. Truth be told, financial execution has been in a decrease since 1950’s until today. In spite of the fact that the authenticity that the vote based framework gangs in Uruguay is solid, the limit, or as Stepan and Linz state, the â€Å"efficacy† of the popularity based framework in settling the stale economy is low. In this way, making Uruguay’s majority rules system hazard inclined because of an unsolved financial performa

The Tyre Industry Sector

The Tire Industry Sector Tires and cylinders, the key elastic items and fundamental enhancements to the car vehicles are of most significance to the countrys economy. The tire business area is giving direct work to more than 40,000 individuals and circuitous work to lakhs of individuals. This industry segment is presently being considered as a center industry segment. The assembling of vehicle tires as a basic subordinate for the improvement of car segment appeared in India during the 1930s when the Dunlop India Ltd., the main tire fabricating transnational organization began its activity in 1935 at Sahaganj in West Bengal. During the early period the abroad tire fabricating organizations were having significant value support in the Indian assembling organizations. After 1970s there was an adjustment in the arrangement of Government and it chose not to authorize any remote value The setting up of joint division ventures with different outside coordinated effort was viewed as practical. At present 11 huge organizations with 15 processing plants and 9 medium-scale organizations dispersed all over India are fabricating tires and cylinders for car vehicles including air tires and tires for safeguard administrations. As assessed, their complete creation during 1987 was 128 lakhs tires against the absolute introduced limit of 179.44 lakhs tires. The fascinating component of the tire business in India is that beginning from its commencement to the current day its encouraging has been affected by rehashed import of specialized coordinated efforts. There is a pressing need to develop indigenous capacities for tire innovation including the tire apparatus. inside perspective on this, it was conclusion attractive to complete the audit of close by status of this industry and to distinguish and break down the basic sources of info required for retention and up degree of imported innovation. The DSIR has present a framework National Register of Foreign Collaborations Which envision check and examination of imported innovations in the nation likewise recommend measures for proper decision, securing and usage of remote skill. The principle goals of this arrangement are Undertake budgetary, monetary and lawful examination of set of information on outside coordinated efforts. Do an innovation investigation of the imported hardware and give best in class apparatus being used in the nation and status of execution of collusion Provide the reason for National Science methodology at every possible opportunity. Over the long haul lead to unload maturing of imported innovation and in age of national quality in seriously buy just certain segments of hardware. Facilitate with branch of Industry, Commerce and Finance and so on by gave that apparatus information input. Encourage increasingly productive countrywide commitment with different associations, for example, UNCTAD, UNIDO, and ESCAP and so forth and in the worldwide switch over of data and co-activity with current creating nation the three reports has been prepared under National Register of Foreign union to survey the Tyre Industry in India. 1.6 The In-house RD units in industry are beneficially situated to ingest and get enhanced the import hardware. Gear innovation in the Indian tire industry has observer a reasonable aggregate of skill and versatility to ingest, settle in and adjust overall innovation to suit Indian conditions. This is reflecting in the quick innovation movement from cotton (support) cadaver to elite spiral tires in a separation of four decades. Globalization has lead to the worried of the economy of the considerable number of countries thus key Indian organization in the tire business are seeking after worldwide methodology to improve their intensity in worldwide markets. There segment for the most part embraces an impression of the Indian tire industry through a diagram of the Indian assessment of its extension patterns as for fabricate fares and securing of specialized ability. Development OF THE INDUSTRY Stage That is all Qualities Strategy Regime 1 1920-35 Negative local creation. Request met over the span of imports. Key organization included Dunlop, Firestone Goodyear. moderate import 2 1936-60 Home creation starts by recent exchange organizations: Dunlop, Firestone, and Goodyear with India Tire Rubber Company. Weight of traiff likewise non traiff hindrance on import. 3 1961-74 Indian organizations MRF, most significant Incheck-enter present day quarter with remote innovation; permit of reward creation limit. Guideline on limit development and repatriation of benefits of removed organizations; implementation of fare commitment on MNC; assurance from outside rivalry 4 1975 - 1991 Passage of enormous Indian business houses like Singhania Modi specialized coordinated efforts with MNCs, presentation of outspread tires, vertical combination and exponential development in tire creation trades Delicensing of creation, setting of imports under OGL with levy non-duty boundaries 5 1992 onwards Outside exchange advancement decline in exchange obligation; reemergence of MNCs additionally independently or in cooperation with Indian capital. Dynamic decrease in present obligation; changed imports Vehicles Spiral Tire Predisposition Tire Bike Engine Bike Front Engine Bike Rear Bike Front Bike Rear Truck, Busses Ranch Service Tractor Rear Tractor Front Fork Industrial Light Commercial Vehicle Spiral Tire Predisposition Tire Overwhelming business vehicles lacking open vehicle framework, particularly in the semi-urban and rustic region better accessibility of cheap purchaser money in the previous 3-4 years; Increment accessibility of eco-friendly and low-upkeep models. rising urbanization, which makes a requirement for individual transportation; change in the segment profile; atmosphere and street developments stable increment in per capita profit over the history five years; and Expanding figure of model with changed kind to fulfill different clients needs. Cost: Cost, by and large, is plausible to be the most essential determinant of interest since its as often as possible the underlying thing that individuals consider when choose the amount of a thing to purchase. The tremendous well known of merchandise and enterprises obey what financial experts call the law of interest that, every other person being equivalent, the sum requested of a thing decline when the cost increment and the other way around. (There are a few special cases to this standard, however they are rare) Pay focused on individuals: Various organizations focus on their objective client bunch as indicated by their salary gathering and in this manner the all out interest is decide as indicated by pay gathering. In tire item request got from the car items. So most appeal development in bike fragment look at another segmement. Special Scheme Various organizations give distinctive limited time plan to push-up their deals and draw in the client. If there should arise an occurrence of some uncommon plans like the 0% intrigue and down and out installment conspire. Deals of expanded by up to 70% of absolute deals. Deals design consistently There was assent at the feeling that there is a droop in June, July and August and furthermore during the second 50% of December. At the hour of celebrations, particularly Dusshera and Diwali or at the hour of the marriage season the deals are high. The explanation given for droop were In summers, individuals by and large go for summer visits and go through a great deal of cash so they defer their buys. As a result of strict reasons (Shraddh) in the period of August. Individuals dont want to buy vehicles during the stormy season. Socioeconomics: Plainly high populace of India has been one of the key explanations behind tremendous volume of car industry in India. Components that might be extending request incorporate expanding populace and an expanding extent of youthful people in the populace that will be increasingly disposed to utilize and bring vehicle back. Likewise, increment in individuals with lesser reliance on fixed just family salary structure is probably going to enhance vehicle request. Cost of Fuel Development in oil costs likewise have a contact on interest for immense vehicle in India. During time of high fuel cost as talented in 2007 and first - half of 2008, interest for tremendous vehicle decrease for littler, more eco-friendly vehicle. The change designs in client inclination for littler more fuel fit vehicle prompted the dispatch of Tata Motors Nano one of universes littlest and least expensive. NAME OF COMPANY Piece of the pie MRF Tires 22% APOLLO Tire 21.7% J K Tire 20% CEAT 13% KESORAM INDUSTRIES 6% DUNLOP 3% Bird of prey 2% TCIL 1.5% MODI RUBBER 12.4 Great YEAR 7% Staying 5 % of offer by other player. MADRAS RUBBER FACTORY Prevalently known as MRF, is a significant tire fabricating organization arranged in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and India. MRF makes a wide range of tires from auto to vehicle, bias to outspread and cylinders and transport lines. It is Indias primary tire producing organization and among the dozen significant around the world. It fares to in excess of 65 nations. MRF is the sister related of the main malayalam day by day Malayala Manorama.The maker of the MRF, Mr.K.M.Mammen Mappilai was the sibling recently Mr.K.M.Mathew, ex-boss editorial manager of Malayala Manorama. MRF become the initial Indian organization to send out tires to USA the extremely home of tire innovation. Deals crossed INR two billion. MRF tires were the primary tires chose for fitment on the Maruti Suzuki 800 Indias first little, present day vehicle. Apollo Tire Apollo Tires Ltd is the universes fifteenth greatest tire maker with yearly combine salary of Rs 121.5 billion (US$ 2.5 billion) in 2011. It was found in 1976. Its first plant was uncommonly made in Perambra, Kerala. In 2006 the company obtained Dunlop Tires International of South Africa. The organization currently has four assembling unit in India, two in South Africa, two in Zimbabwe and 1 in Netherlands. It has an arrangement of more than 4,000 vendors in India, of which more than 2,500 are select outlets. In South Africa, it has more than 900 vendors, of which 190 are Dunlop Accredited Dealers. It

Nadal, Federer, Helfant 85

Nadal, Federer, Helfant ‘85 Ive been reading many, many applications over the last month, and one thing that strikes me is that there are a lot of MIT applicants who like tennis, both playing and watching it. Thus, Id guess a lot of the blog readership will be excited to learn this fact. Adam Helfant, MIT Class of 1985, has been named the Executive Chairman President of the ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals). As an undergraduate, Helfant lived in Burton-Conner, the same dorm that currently is home to Laura, Jess, Snively, and Shannon. He majored in Materials Science and Engineering, earning his degree in just three and a half years. After MIT, he went to Harvard Law (the latest MIT Careers Office statistics have MIT graduates with an admission rate to Harvard Law 1.5 times higher than the national average). From there he went to a New York law firm, then to the NHL (professional hockey), then to Nike, where he was Vice President of Global Sports Marketing before being tapped by the ATP. Hell be on hand today as Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal once again face off for a Major title, this one being the 2009 Australian Open (live on TV at 3:30 in the morning in Boston, oy). Federer was quoted as saying some nice things about Helfant: I met him in December and he also saw Rafa (Nadal) and Novak (Djokovic) before he got appointed, to sort of get the definite okay, said Federer. Hes a smart man, smart and honest and a guy I think who will do an excellent job for the ATP. Andy Roddick also had some nice things to say: I actually was lucky enough to have dinner with him the other night. I was pretty impressed, said Roddick. He didnt come in with kind of this braggadocio attitude of what hes done, whatever. He kind of came in and he had his notepad and his pen, and he asked questions, and he wrote down notes. He didnt come in like a know-it-all. It was an impressive meeting, thats for sure, he said. After the meeting, I was glad that they had chosen him. Congratulations, Adam Helfant! So, who is going to win tonight betwen Nadal and Federer? Some other links relating to MIT and sports: MIT varsity sports MIT Center for Sports Innovation The MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference, co-chaired by Houston Rockets GM Daryl Morey MBA 00 The sports ratings by statistician Jeff Sagarin 70 Protrade, the sports stock market started by former MIT Blackjack Team member Jeff Ma 94

T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land †Can We Learn From the Past...

T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land – Can We Learn From the Past ? And he is not likely to know what is To be done unless he lives in what is not merely the present, but the present moment of the past, unless he is conscious, not of what is dead, but what is already living. --T.S. Eliot, Tradition and the Individual Talent When read for the first time, The Waste Land appears to be a concoction of sorts, a disjointed poem. Lines are written in different languages, narrators change, and the scenes seem disconnected, except for the repeated references to the desert and death. When read over again, however, the pieces become coherent. The Waste Land is categorized as a poem, but exhibited visually, it appears to be a literary†¦show more content†¦The Waste Land is broken up into five parts, each with its own subtitle. In each of these parts, Eliot tells the stories of many different lives while also incorporating poetry lines and song lyrics from other cultures. These lines often translate into something depressing, tying into Eliots themes of death and emptiness. An example is the epigraph of this poem, taken from Virgils Aeneid, about a conversation between some boys and Sybil at Cumae. The boys ask her what she wants, and she replies, I want to die. Sybil is suspended in a jar, and Eliot uses t his image to represent the human race. The epigraph sets for the tone for the rest of the poem of hopelessness and the condition of human moral desolation. The human race is also hanging suspended in a jar, undergoing a similar fate. Yet humanity is blind to its imprisonment, reliving the same experiences, unable to leave the jar, unable to die. Eliot composed this poem, focusing on females and their passive reaction to violence, to bring the human race into full awareness of its jar-like imprisonment. These women, taken from different cultures and times, are all victims of sexual abuse. But rather than fighting and demanding justice, they ignore the abuse and accept their situation. It is easier to forget the pain than to confront it, because when facing pain, one must relive the experience that causes the pain. But to ignore pain is to deny life, for one is suppressing feeling, theShow MoreRelatedT.S. Eliot s The Fire Sermon - a Poem Analysis Focusing on the Elements of Nature5145 Words   |  21 PagesT.S. Eliot The Fire Sermon An analysis of the poem focusing on the elements of nature Joachim TRAUN 0004165 301/341 It is just a piece of rhythmical grumbling (T.S. Eliot on The Waste Land) Table of contents page 1. Introduction 4 2. T.S. Eliot- a brief biography 4 3. The fire sermon 5 3.1 Structure 6 3.2 Intertextuality 6 3.3 Interpretation 8 3.3.1 Water 8 3.3.2 City 11 3.3.3 Fusion 13 4. Conclusion 14 Bibliography 1. Introduction There are not many poemsRead MoreModernist Elements in the Hollow Men7051 Words   |  29 PagesA WHIMPER T.S.Eliot, The Hollow Men (95-98). The end of The Hollow Men can only be the beginning of a deep and long reflection for thoughtful readers. T.S. Eliot, who always believed that in his end is his beginning, died and left his verse full of hidden messages to be understood, and codes to be deciphered. It is this complexity, which is at the heart of modernism as a literary movement, that makes of Eliot’s poetry very typically modernist. As Ezra Pound once famously stated, Eliot trulyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Harold Pinter s The Room 9709 Words   |  39 Pagesgeneration dramatists, Harold Pinter’s fame rests on not only his popular dramas but also on his political activism which is rooted in his concern for people and their condition in realms which can be termed as social, professional or political. In fact it can be said that many of his works starting from the early comedies of menace to the later overtly political plays run parallel to his political activism in the delineation of abuse of p ower in familial, social and political sphere and its somatic

3 Star Hotel Business Plan - 4457 Words

Marketing Plan for a Three Star Hotel Kuakata 09-Aug-10 Seashore Inn (Pvt) Limited Letter of transmittal August 9th, 2010 Suntu Kumar Ghosh Course Instructor MKT-301 Sub: Submission of term paper (Marketing Plan). This is to inform you that we have completed the â€Å"Marketing Plan for a Three Star Hotel in Kuakata†. Is has been prepared for the completion of the course MKT 301. While preparing this plan, we have followed your instructions for report writing so as to present our views and understanding in the easy way. However, we will be glad to clarify any discrepancy that may arise. Thank you. Sincerely yours, ID 08304085 Name Mohammed Shahidul Islam Signature 08304071 Md. Rusafie Alam 08304093†¦show more content†¦It is 70 km from Patuakhali district headquarters and 320 km from Dhaka. Running a hotel is more than just cleaning and booking room. 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The Da Vinci Code EPILOGUE Free Essays

Robert Langdon awoke with a start. He had been dreaming. The bathrobe beside his bed bore the monogram HOTEL RITZ PARIS. We will write a custom essay sample on The Da Vinci Code EPILOGUE or any similar topic only for you Order Now He saw a dim light filtering through the blinds. Is it dusk ordawn? he wondered. Langdon’s body felt warm and deeply contented. He had slept the better part of the last two days. Sitting up slowly in bed, he now realized what had awoken him†¦ the strangest thought. For day she had been trying to sort through a barrage of information, but now Langdon found himself fixed on something he’d not considered before. Could it be? He remained motionless a long moment. Getting out of bed, he walked to the marble shower. Stepping inside, he let the powerful jets message his shoulders. Still, the thought enthralled him. Impossible. Twenty minutes later, Langdon stepped out of the Hotel Ritz into Place Vendà ´me. Night was falling. The days of sleep had left him disoriented†¦ and yet his mind felt oddly lucid. He had promised himself he would stop in the hotel lobby for a cafe au lait to clear his thoughts, but instead his legs carried him directly out the front door into the gathering Paris night. Walking east on Rue des Petits Champs, Langdon felt a growing excitement. He turned south onto Rue Richelieu, where the air grew sweet with the scent of blossoming jasmine from the stately gardens of the Palais Royal. He continued south until he saw what he was looking for – the famous royal arcade – a glistening expanse of polished black marble. Moving onto it, Langdon scanned the surface beneath his feet. Within seconds, he found what he knew was there – several bronze medallions embedded in the ground in a perfectly straight line. Each disk was five inches in diameter and embossed with the letters N and S. Nord. Sud. He turned due south, letting his eye trace the extended line formed by the medallions. He began moving again, following the trail, watching the pavement as he walked. As he cut across the corner of the Comedie-Franà §aise, another bronze medallion passed beneath his feet. Yes! The streets of Paris, Langdon had learned years ago, were adorned with 135 of these bronze markers, embedded in sidewalks, courtyards, and streets, on a north-south axis across the city. He had once followed the line from Sacre-Coeur, north across the Seine, and finally to the ancient Paris Observatory. There he discovered the significance of the sacred path it traced. The earth’s original prime meridian.The first zero longitude of the world.Paris’s ancient Rose Line. Now, as Langdon hurried across Rue de Rivoli, he could feel his destination within reach. Less than a block away. The Holy Grail ‘neath ancient Roslin waits. The revelations were coming now in waves. Sauniere’s ancient spelling of Roslin†¦ the blade and chalice†¦ the tomb adorned with masters’ art. Is that why Sauniere needed to talk with me? Had I unknowingly guessed the truth? He broke into a jog, feeling the Rose Line beneath his feet, guiding him, pulling him toward his destination. As he entered the long tunnel of Passage Richelieu, the hairs on his neck began to bristle with anticipation. He knew that at the end of this tunnel stood the most mysterious of Parisian monuments – conceived and commissioned in the 1980s by the Sphinx himself, Fran;ois Mitterrand, a man rumored to move in secret circles, a man whose final legacy to Paris was a place Langdon had visited only days before. Another lifetime. With a final surge of energy, Langdon burst from the passageway into the familiar courtyard and came to a stop. Breathless, he raised his eyes, slowly, disbelieving, to the glistening structure in front of him. The Louvre Pyramid. Gleaming in the darkness. He admired it only a moment. He was more interested in what lay to his right. Turning, he felt his feet again tracing the invisible path of the ancient Rose Line, carrying him across the courtyard to the Carrousel du Louvre – the enormous circle of grass surrounded by a perimeter of neatly trimmed hedges – once the site of Paris’s primeval nature-worshipping festivals†¦ joyous rites to celebrate fertility and the Goddess. Langdon felt as if he were crossing into another world as he stepped over the bushes to the grassy area within. This hallowed ground was now marked by one of the city’s most unusual monuments. There in the center, plunging into the earth like a crystal chasm, gaped the giant inverted pyramid of glass that he had seen a few nights ago when he entered the Louvre’s subterranean entresol. La Pyramide Inversee. Tremulous, Langdon walked to the edge and peered down into the Louvre’s sprawling underground complex, aglow with amber light. His eye was trained not just on the massive inverted pyramid, but on what lay directly beneath it. There, on the floor of the chamber below, stood the tiniest of structures†¦ a structure Langdon had mentioned in his manuscript. Langdon felt himself awaken fully now to the thrill of unthinkable possibility. Raising his eyes again to the Louvre, he sensed the huge wings of the museum enveloping him†¦ hallways that burgeoned with the world’s finest art. Da Vinci†¦ Botticelli†¦ Adorned in masters’ loving art, She lies. Alive with wonder, he stared once again downward through the glass at the tiny structure below. I must go down there! Stepping out of the circle, he hurried across the courtyard back toward the towering pyramid entrance of the Louvre. The day’s last visitors were trickling out of the museum. Pushing through the revolving door, Langdon descended the curved staircase into the pyramid. He could feel the air grow cooler. When he reached the bottom, he entered the long tunnel that stretched beneath the Louvre’s courtyard, back toward La Pyramide Inversee. At the end of the tunnel, he emerged into a large chamber. Directly before him, hanging down from above, gleamed the inverted pyramid – a breathtaking V-shaped contour of glass. The Chalice. Langdon’s eyes traced its narrowing form downward to its tip, suspended only six feet above the floor. There, directly beneath it, stood the tiny structure. A miniature pyramid. Only three feet tall. The only structure in this colossal complex that had been built on a small scale. Langdon’s manuscript, while discussing the Louvre’s elaborate collection of goddess art, had made passing note of this modest pyramid. â€Å"The miniature structure itself protrudes up through the flooras though it were the tip of an iceberg – the apex, of an enormous, pyramidical vault, submerged below like a hidden chamber.† Illuminated in the soft lights of the deserted entresol, the two pyramids pointed at one another, their bodies perfectly aligned, their tips almost touching. The Chalice above. The Blade below. The blade and chalice guarding o’er Her gates. Langdon heard Marie Chauvel’s words. One day it will dawn on you. He was standing beneath the ancient Rose Line, surrounded by the work of masters. What better place for Sauniere to keep watch? Now at last, he sensed he understood the true meaning of the Grand Master’s verse. Raising his eyes to heaven, he gazed upward through the glass to a glorious, star-filled night. She rests at last beneath the starry skies. Like the murmurs of spirits in the darkness, forgotten words echoed. The quest for the Holy Grail is the quest to kneel before the bones of Mary Magdalene. A journey to pray at the feet of the outcast one. With a sudden upwelling of reverence, Robert Langdon fell to his knees. For a moment, he thought he heard a woman’s voice†¦ the wisdom of the ages†¦ whispering up from the chasms of the earth. How to cite The Da Vinci Code EPILOGUE, Essay examples

Ancient Greek Theater the Forerunner to Modern Theatre free essay sample

Unique Greek performances, which were performed hundreds of years ago, were put on to please the Greek god Dionysos. In these performances, artificial light was impossible and there were no footlights to illuminate the faces of the actors. Spectators had to have a great imagination to create a mood themselves. The actors had to loudly project their voices even more so, and they used numerous masks, to reveal different characters. Plays were done in an amphitheater, which was a circular type theater, thus, the projection was very loud, and the actors could be heard all around. In Ancient Greek Theater, it was not unusual to only have one individual acting as all characters. Even when the use of more than one actor occurred seldom were there more than two or three actors used to convey the story. Another difference is that women were not allowed to act, so all characters in the play were portrayed by men. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Greek Theater: the Forerunner to Modern Theatre or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today, we are accustomed to a sharp division between the dark world of the auditorium and the over bright world of the characters. On the contrary, the Greeks were familiar with audience, chorus, and characters, all united under a dazzling sun (Webster 2). For the most part, the Greek dramatist had to rely far more on words and less on the limited technical means at his disposal. For example, in Sophocles’ Antigone (526) the chorus describes the tears running down Ismene’s face and her cheeks as ugly red with weeping. The mask worn by the actor obviously could not reveal this effect. There were three obvious limitations that the Greek â€Å"producer† had to deal with. First, lighting effects were impossible, so the play could not expose sunlight, dawn, dusk, or evening. Except if the play was shown early in the morning, or late in the evening. Secondly, changes in scenery were extremely limited. They usually had no more than four scenes, but even then it was scarce. Thirdly, the size of the Greek theater introduced a limitation of another kind. The distance from the front of the stage, across the orchestra to the front row of spectators, was 60ft. The back rows, were about 300 feet from the stage. So an actor of 6 feet looked about 3 and a half tall inches to spectators in the back rows. In order to make up for this, the exaggerated acting and voice production kept spectators coming back to watch more plays. Plays were performed to portray many daily events that happened in the Greek life. Such as political rises and downfalls, stories of hero’s, stories that portrayed fears of the gods, or even success with the gods were just some events that were portrayed in the theater. Many plays were just stories that a â€Å"producer† created himself. Plays were basically started in the time when aristocrats were taking over different city-states, and running dictatorships, or very unfair governments. There was a small majority of the aristocrats who were highly amused and into the theatre. It was these certain aristocrats who made it a point to have certain theatres built and shows put on. There were two basic forms of production, comedy and tragedy. Comedies were mostly sung, with strong instruments to back up the chorus. Tragedies usually followed the same pattern, opening with a prologue and followed by a parodos, (in which the chorus enters singing). The last â€Å"stasimon† provides the closing scene as the chorus and actors depart. Antigone is a great example of an early Greek tragedy. The theatres built had three major areas, the viewing place for spectators, the orchestra which is where the chorus and actors performed, and then a scene building which basically provided a scenic backing. The earliest scene buildings were very simple wooden structures. The most common method for seating was to bring in native stones to serves as seats for spectators. How did they prepare for their roles and what did they do in their spare time? As stated earlier the Greeks believed in staying fit for the show by fasting and dieting and so on. But, what about their social function? The role of the lyric chorus was to be a channel for a certain deity to interact with humans. Calame states that, â€Å"the lyric chorus is thus the line of communication between the deity and its followers, and therefore the status of the chorus members, either adolescents, marriageable women, or young wives, and so on, corresponds in most cases to the sphere of influence of the divinity and thus to the characteristics of the divinity itself† (206). Over the past centuries, theater has come a long way. It went from silly or rather gruesome masks, rocks for seats, a lack of scenery, no lighting, and characters that look 3 and half inches tall, to something so much more amazing. However, perhaps the ancient theater involved more acting and more imagination. The benefits of both ancient and present day theaters are endless. But it’s all in the eye of the beholder, as many plays have to be, in order to be appreciated to the highest degree. Understanding your past is the key to understanding your future. As old as some things are there is nothing new under the sun. It is safe to say that the Ancient Greeks truly lived a riotous life enjoying every thing that life had to offer. The Greeks enjoyed and understood their theatre and paved the way for the art form to flourish.