Comparing Rawls and Hayek Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Comparing Rawls and Hayek - Essay Example Hayek highlights that freedom entailed acting on an individual’s own free will and not on the will or command of others or situations. He covers all the types of freedom that he experienced in the First World War that is political freedom, personal freedom and economic freedom. On the other hand, John Rawls was a philosopher who originated from America and fought or participated in the Second World War. He was responsible for developing the theory of justice which was a concept of ethical, rationality, law, equity and fairness (Bellamy). Rawls argues that justice is fairness and the same justice is responsible for the existence of liberty within the society. Rawls believes that for social institutions to be operational or function properly, justice is necessary in forming the foundations, defining the base and also veiling the position of ignorance within the society. Hayek and Rawls both supported liberalism in their different writings and speech. They talked in unison that p eople were free to exercise their ideas without barriers as long as their idea were not ill motivated or malicious in any way and that the state was there to support them and ensure that their rights, that is of freedom of speech, were practiced and equally enjoyed by all individuals from different classes, ages, ethnical backgrounds and races. Hayek and Rawls both agreed that the government was created for the citizens, by the citizens and to serve the citizens and rebuffed other notion of the other way round that the citizens were meant to serve the government. They were both liberal as they preached the principles of justice, freedom and equality to the public as they both advocated for basic rights such like education, food, shelter, medication and clothing to all citizens. Both Hayek and Rawls were using the society as their main source of reference in their various thoughts and intransient differences, thereby making the citizens the centre of their struggles for freedom and j ustice. This is as per what they experienced in world war one and world war two respectively. The various ideas they tried to put in action were all directed towards the unification of their different ideologies, in favor of the citizens, on how things are done or should be carried out within the society (Hayek 78). Both Hayek and Rawls place emphasis on Rawls theory of the veil of ignorance intended to make us blind to our unique differences as human beings. They both campaign on the interests of democracy as they try to shun the inhabitants of a strong and peacefully democracy. They both argue that in the interest of democracy, ideologies should be placed together to accommodate the different thoughts and lifestyles of individuals coming from different backgrounds and possessing different ideologies in the society. This is because the society consists if unique human beings with unique qualities, backgrounds, class and preferences. However, Rawls and Hayek do not come to an agreem ent thus do not resolve their arguments in order to find solutions and how solutions are reached in different situations. In fact, they completely clash and each has their own viewpoint of the solution to their matching theories and ideologies. Rawls argues that agreements on particular matters can be reached whereas Hayek does not believe that this can happen. Hayek believes that the

How is Cannery Row like a tidepool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

How is Cannery Row like a tidepool - Essay Example The waves dislodge mussels and drive them to the ocean. The starfish prey on mussels whereas gulls break open the sea urchins and feed on the starfish. The black bears also sometimes feed on the intertidal creatures when the tides are low. However, as much as the organisms must avoid the strong currents, wave, sun and predators to survive, they also rely on the constant changes in the pools for food. The creatures that thrive in the tide pool cannot survive on their own. There is some kind of interdependence among the various organisms, where each relies on the other for survival according to Halpern (23). This way of life in the tide pools have attracted special attention of philosophical writers such as John Steinbeck, marine biologists and naturalists. In his novel Cannery Row, John Steinbeck relates life culture, values and class of the people in the town of Cannery to the structures of the tidal pools. Cannery Row is a story about a group of poor friends (Mack and his friends) who try to raise money to buy beer and throw their friend (Doc) a second party after the first one went out of control and ruined his lab. The story is set in the later hours of the day when the Cannery had closed and all the workers had gone and only the inhabitants of the street were left. Just as within the tidal pools, when the tides and the waves move back, the tidal pools are filled with life and the remnants are left behind. The life structures in the tide pools directly relate to the social structures of the Cannery Row. The mussels and limpets occupy the lowest status at the bottom of the pool whereas the starfish that prey on them and the eels that hide in crevices occupy a status above them. Hermit crabs who are always on the look out for empty shells that might be bigger than the ones they have also occupy the bottom of the sea. However, this structure is often silenced when the tides come back in but begin all over again when the tides

Impact of Pollution on Natural Resources and Health

Impact of Pollution on Natural Resources and Health Pollution in its many forms is causing increasing damaging to our natural resources and health. Pollution The result of some of todays technological advances is extreme pollution. It can be seen, heard, tasted or even smelt as we drive along our main roads, stroll along our sidewalks or even from the supposing comfort of our home. Also the very food we eat might be polluted though we may not be aware. In this essay I will be discussing the main causes and effects of air, water and noise pollution. Pollution in its many forms is causing increasing damaging to our natural resources and health and lifestyles. Carbon dioxide is one the main causes of air pollution. Even though humans exhale carbon dioxide, this gas is harmful when emitted from other sources, which are caused due to human activity. Carbon dioxide gas is used in various industries such as the oil industry and the chemical industry. The manufacturing process of most products requires the use of this gas. Also the combustion of fossil fuels and the harmful effects of deforestation have all contributed. Amongst the various gasse s emitted during a volcanic eruption, carbon dioxide remains to be at least 40% of the emission. Scientists have identified carbon dioxide as one of those elements that are contributing to global warming. When fuels are burned, some of the pollutants released are greenhouses gases. Though through the process of photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and use the carbon to grow larger. The amount of carbon dioxide released by burning fuels is much more than plants can convert. Many industrial facilities use clean water to carry away waste from their plants and dump it into rivers, lakes and oceans. Furthermore domestic households, industrial and agricultural practices produce wastewater that may cause pollution. Human infectious diseases are among the most serious effects of water pollution, especially in developing countries, where sanitation may be inadequate or non-existent. Waterborne diseases occur when parasites or other disease-causing microorganisms are transmitted via contaminated water. These include typhoid, intestinal parasites, and most of the diarrheal diseases caused by bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Among the most serious parasitic diseases are amoebiasis, giardiasis, ascariasis, and hookworm. Water pollution can make fish sick and even can kill them. Humans are the biggest threat to fish. There are many ways that humans pollute waters. Some of those ways are by dumping oil, radioactive waste and trash into rivers, lakes and seas. This s ort of pollution over these years is only increasing at a staggering rate. Noise pollution from ship engines and sonar systems make it difficult for marine mammals like whales, dolphins, and porpoises to communicate, find food, and avoid hazards. Powerful sonar systems operating at certain frequencies may cause damage to marine mammals sound-sensitive internal structures, causing internal bleeding and even death. Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to health problems. A comparison of Maaban tribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or industrial noise, to a typical U.S. population showed that constant exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels during a single eight hour period causes a statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten points and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction leading to the increased blood pressure. As this essay clearly shows air, water and noise pollution drastically affect humans and our natural habitats. So please reader think twice about dumping garbage into rivers or streams think of the long term effects of that garbage on not only you but on the fish in that stream or where that stream will run. Also what will happen when someone eats that contaminated fish or drinks the contaminated water, because It is evident that pollution in its many forms is causing increasing damaging to our natural resources and health and we as humans need to be more careful about what we do. After all it was us humans that started pollution in the first place.

The Benefits of Participating in Team Sports Essay -- women athletes,

Literature Review "There can be little doubt that intercollegiate athletics is one of the significant filters through which the public looks at American post-secondary education" said Lapchick, Sperber, Telander, and thelin (p. 1). This leads to multiple future college student-athletes being recruited by college coaches. In addition, Mixon, Toma and Cross stated, "The public's image of an institution as well as it’s attractiveness to prospective students are often influenced by the performance of its athletic teams" (p. 1). There are very few individuals who desire not to experience failure, but they rather experience the personal desires accomplishments and success. According to Greendorfer & Kleiber, "men and women may differ in their reasons for athletic participation" (p. 164). This creates a view of intercollegiate athletics being looked upon from two different perspectives. This creates opportunities for different individuals. A person’s development occurs within the classroom, just as well as it does during extracurricular activities. A combination of providing settings for teamwork, motivational goal seeking, and fair play, athletics can build character. A key characteristic for student-athletes is commitment when dealing with these certain activities. The research mainly expresses that participation in college athletics will create positive characteristics towards the academics of student-athletes. Gender In the past, the issue of gender was a highly discussed topic amongst the athletic world. Blinde (1989) initiated "some female athletes have experienced greater difficulties in meeting the simultaneous demands of student and athlete roles" (p. 36). Majority of the terms used by recent female athletic organizat... ...c Psychology, 147, 7-18 Brown, C. & Bohac, J. (1997). Beyound athletic participation: Career development interventions with student-athletes. Journal of College Student Development, 38, 671-673 Chartrand, J.M. & Lent, R.W. (1987). Sports Counseling: Enhancing the development of the student-athlete. Journal of Counseling and development, 40, 151-162. Covington, M., Simons, H., & Van Rheenen, D. (1999). Academic motivation and the student. Journal of College Student Development, 40, 151-162. Hanson, S & Kraus, R. (1998). Women, sports, and science: Do female athletes have an advantage? 71, 93-110. Kuh, G. D. (1995). The other curriculum. Journal of Higher Education, 66, 123-155. Pascarella, E. T., Bohr, L., Nora, A. & Terenzini, P. T. (1995). Intercollegiate athletic participation and freshman-year cognitive outcomes. Journal of Higher Education, 66, 369-387

Horace Miner’s Body Ritual Among the Nacirema Essay

Abstract: Horace Miner’s point throughout the entire article of â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† was to prove to us, Americans, that we are not superior to anyone else or any other culture, society, or religion. We are all the same, and we just to need to keep in the back of our minds that everyone does everything differently. Whether it is a dramatic difference, or barely noticeable, each person does everything different from the next person. Throughout this essay willbe examples on how Miner’s article went to prove how ethnocentric Americans through the use of sociological imagination. Abstr Anthropologist, Horace Miner, wrote an article on a tribe called the Nacirema, who originated from Between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles. This specific tribe is so superficial, and focuses so much time on their bodily appearance. The people of this tribe go through many daily rituals to stay healthy, clean, and as perfect as possible. This tribe that is spoken of is the American. Nacirema is American spelled backwards. Throughout the article, Miner, strived to prove how ethnocentric we, Americans, are through sociological imagination. Reading the article without knowing it is about Americans will put a person in the point of view of an outsider from a different culture. We think the tribe, Nacirema, thinks that the human body is ugly and its natural leaning to weakness and disease is an awful thing, and that their only hope to avoid these characteristic of the human body, is to keep up with their daily rituals. Americans are always trying to come up with new ideas to prevent natural aging, the deterioration, and weakness of the body. We feel so  ashamed of our supposed weak bodies that the rituals performed in our families’ shrines (bathrooms) are kept completely private and should not be shared with anyone. Just because of our shamefulness, we have already proven that we are not a perfect people. Americans can alter their appearances in simple, almost no effort ways. â€Å"†¦Professor Linton referred in discussing a distinctive part of the daily body ritual which is only performed by men. This part of the rite includes scraping and lacerating the surface of the face with a sharp instrument.† (Miner Paragraph 12) This ritual described the process of men shaving their face with a razor and along with the ritual is a possibility of cutting the face. â€Å"Special women’s rites are performed only four times during each lunar month, but what they lack in frequency is made up in barbarity. As part of this ceremony, women bake their head in small ovens for about an hour.† (Miner Paragraph 12) This ceremony is talking about women going to get their hair done to improve their looks. The small ovens are old fashioned hair dryers, which would dry their hair into the style that woman wanted it to be. Another ritual that the Nacirema people go through is to find a holy-mouth man (dentist). The holy-mouth man pokes and prods at the client’s teeth, and it is not always a pleasant experience. The holy-mouth man likes performing uncomfortable and slightly painful rituals on the client’s teeth. The client allows for the holy-mouth man to whatever he or she likes with their teeth. The man ritual of shaving, woman ritual of getting their hair done, and going to see a holy-mouth man at least once a year all have sadistic and masochistic qualities. The specialists that complete these services like seeing their client uncomfortable and in pain on some level. The people of the Nacirema tribe continue to return these specialists and continue the rituals, proving that in some sort of way that they must like being uncomfortable and in pain. People of the Nacirema tribe can also physically change their appearance by having a special medicine man alter parts of the body. Mainly the women of the tribe are the ones who see the specialist. These specialists can make a woman’s breasts larger or smaller if needed. Other surgery, besides on the breasts, can be performed, such as the face, stomach, and arms. To view all these rituals that have been aforementioned, from an outsider’s point of view can make the American people look barbaric, weird, and not natural. The people of the American culture are so wrapped up in self-image that it is almost sickening to look at it from another view point. The people will go to almost any length to look better and stay looking young that they will go through many painful and uncomfortable rituals. Talking about sexual intercourse is a not something to talk about openly, especially in public. To avoid pregnancy â€Å"the use of magical materials or by limiting intercourse to the certain phases of the moon.† (Miner Paragraph 19) Birth control is taken to avoid becoming pregnant, and when women do become pregnant they wear loose clothing as to hide the fact that there are carrying a child. Other cultures see intercourse as a natural thing to reproduce, and that pregnancy is a beautiful thing. They see us not talking and being open about sex as taboo. We, Americans, are not superior to anyone else. That is what Horace Miner wanted to get across to all of us. He wanted us to think outside of the box. We need not to look at other cultures as strange, but just as different and unique because the other cultures look at us and think we are the weird ones. References: http://jihunkmla.blogspot.com/2013/05/review-on-nacirema-colored-glasses-i.html https://www.msu.edu/~jdowell/miner.html

Should Marty’s Company Embrace Open-Source Software?

ZAOZAO LIU MIS500 FALL 2012 Should Marty's company embrace open-source software in its hit product? Marty Dirwey, CEO of Kalley Music Software, is facing a crucial question that whether she should open Amp Up’s source code to users and developers. Undoubtedly, the new strategy which opens source software in KMS's hit product challenges the current highly successful strategy which prioritizes holding the intellectual property of Amp Up. However, if I were Marty, I would support the new strategy. There are four parts in this paper. 1) analyze a basic but essential issue that why Marty hesitates opening Amp Up's source code; (2) further explain the reasons why the company should accept the open-source strategy; (3)give some recommendations to KMS; (4) draw the conclusion. The reasons why Marty hesitates opening Amp Up's source code Essentially, there are three things Marty is worrying about: the feelings of the team, the churn of the customers, and the profit of the company. As w e can see from the case, Marty is in a dilemma.She resists opening the source code, because she is unwilling to give up the source code which is the fruit of painstaking labor of the whole team and she is worrying about how to make money if the company shared the source code of the software which currently is the main source of their revenue. However, on the other hand, if she won’t open the source code, undeniably, she is likely to be seen as the enemy of the users, maybe not the enemy of all users, but at least the enemy of the fanatics, which must lead to be alienated by the customers who play a significant role in the music game field. ZAOZAO LIU MIS500 FALL 2012 The reasons why the company should accept the open-source strategy Based on what's Marty worried I mentioned above, I will explain the reasons why the company should accept the open-source strategy from three perspectives. Considering the feelings of the team, especially the feelings of programmers, I believe the programmers must cheer for open-source software.Obvious is that confronting the current situation that inventing and executing dazzling upgrades are becoming harder and harder, programmers who Marty really cares about are fatigue so that they lose the passion in the software so that exhaust the creativity. At the moment, open source is a savior for all the programmers. They can integrate ideas from different developers and based on the basic innovative idea from developers, the programmers are more likely to create more stable and valuable upgrades than their opponents, because the programmers, the parents of Amp Up, must be more familiar with every detail of code.Another fact we should recognize is that a new generation of programmers has grown up with open source software, and is more skilled in finding out what they need with OSS than with closed and proprietary tools and systems. What mean by this is that with the open-source software, the programmers would work more effectivel y and efficiently. As to the customer churn, opening Amp Up's source code to the external developers doesn't necessarily lead to the customer churn, while closing the source code doesn't mean that similar and better software would never show up and the customers would be loyal to the company forever.Actually, infringers with strong competences have already shown up. Thus 2 ZAOZAO LIU MIS500 FALL 2012 open source becomes a must-to-do thing. From my perspective, as long as the programmer team of Amp Up doesn't give up the innovation of the software, the opponents can hardly take away the original customers. There are two reasons. One reason is that Amp Up has sound brand which has been generally accepted. In my opinion, the code of software is similar to the literature.Famous literature must be recreated several times, but the readers usually only can remember the original writer and prefer the original work. Thus, Marty doesn't need to worry about the KMG's position in the music game will be challenged easily, leading to a large number of customer loss. The other reason is the team of Amp Up, including the programmers, CEO, COO, is professional and visionary and more familiar with the software and mass market so that the team is more likely to have a better understanding of the customers' preference and cater to the needs of the market.The strategy of open-source software in KMS's hit product has a positive impact on enforcing the business transformation from a technology-oriented company to a serviceoriented company, which can bring KMS more opportunity to get more profit. If KMS wouldn't give away their proprietary IP and open the source, to keep technology advantages in the music game field, they must invest more money in Amp Up, such as maintenance fee of hardware, so the downward tendency of KMS's profit would be inevitable. Recommendations for KMS In short-term run, KMS should open the source and then integrate and utilize the ideas from different develop ers to mprove Amp Up quality and get potential customers to the 3 ZAOZAO LIU MIS500 FALL 2012 maximum extent. That is, KMS should utilize Amp Up to capture the last bucket of gold of the music software. After that, KMS should open the platform to third-party companies and provide technical support to those companies which still have the dream of surviving or even thriving in an increasingly competitive music game field. In long-term run, a business transformation of KMS is a must. Besides, I think KMS should still prioritize the innovation, because it has a potent technology team. However, the model of technology innovation should be changed.Innovation within ecosystem should be a long-term direction. Conclusion KMS should open the source, because Amp Up has already in the open-source community and open source software can bring more potential customers and more profit to KMS. Reference Coyle, Karen. â€Å"Open Source, Open Standards. † Information Technology and Libraries 21 . 1 (2002): 33-6. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 18 Sep. 2012. Jonathan Schwartz. †Should Marty’s Should Marty's company embrace open-source software in its hit product? † Simon, Phil. â€Å"Next Wave of Technologies† opportunities in chaos (03/01/2010) , Chapter 5 4